LibGuides: Anti-Asian/Asian American Racism: A Resource Guide: Articles

Resources from Skyline Databases

Suggested search terms:

"Asian-Americans” AND (racism OR bigotry OR “hate crime” OR “hate crimes”)

Articles and Reports from OneSearch
Use the above suggested search terms to locate newspaper articles, book chapters, reference entries, web resources, journals, reports, etc. from the Library's OneSearch
Resources from NewsBank:Hot Topic: Asian Hate Crimes
"A mass shooting at spas in Atlanta of which the victims were overwhelmingly Asian American has enhanced the growing effort to address Asian hate crimes that have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. How much have hate crimes against Asian American’s risen since the beginning of the pandemic and what has been discovered about the motive for some of these crimes? What efforts to address Asian bigotry have been made?"

Stereotyping of Asian Americans

Asian Americans Are Still Caught in the Trap of the 'Model Minority' Stereotype. And It Creates Inequality for All.

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: Facts, Not Fiction--Setting the Record Straight "This project provides needed new data on key issues and trends for the access and participation of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in U.S. higher education. This report is founded on the simple premise that educational policies and practices must be based on fact, not fiction, if they are to be of value to teachers, students, parents, and society as a whole. The report focuses on three pervasive and core fictions about the Asian American and Pacific Islander community, which are examined in the context of empirical data."

Countering stereotypes about Asian Americans "Asian Americans are often overlooked in discussions of racial bias in the United States. Now, psychologists and other researchers are working to change that."
Exceptional Outgroup Stereotypes and White Racial Inequality Attitudes toward Asian Americans "Stereotypes of outgroups help create social identificational boundaries for ingroups. When the ingroup is dominant, members employ individualist sentiments to justify their status."
“FOB” and “Whitewashed”: Identity and InternalizedRacism Among Second Generation Asian Americans "An analysis of 184 in-depth interviews with grown children of Korean andVietnamese immigrants finds that the racial beliefs, meanings, and stereotypesof the mainstream society shape how they think about coethnics, generate lo-cal identities, and deflect stigma from themselves. We examine the terms “FOB”(“Fresh Off the Boat”) and “whitewashed” that were commonly deployed to den-igrate coethnic “others” as “too ethnic” or “too assimilated” while casting thoseat the bicultural middle as the “normals.” We describe how this system of “in-traethnic othering” serves as a basis for sub-ethnic identities, intraethnic socialboundaries, and the monitoring and control of social behavior. We draw on theconcept of internalized racial oppression in framing our findings."
The High Cost of the Model Minority Myth for Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. "The article examines how the model minority myth has obstructed understanding of the socioeconomic issues affecting Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. Topics discussed include the heterogeneity of the minority group and differences in wealth status and education. The lingering effect of resettlement and the disparities in health literacy and access due to cultural and language barriers are mentioned."

(Mis)interpretations and (In)justice: The 1992 Los Angeles "Riots" and "Black-Korean Conflict" "Cheung attempts to shed light on interracial conflicts by focusing on (mis)interpretations in the legal and cultural realms. He would like to re-visit one event preceding the urban unrest by discussing "The Court Interpreter," a short story by Ty Pak, a Korean immigrant writer, alongside the legal scholarship surrounding the uprising. Subject"

The "Model Minority" and Their Discontent: Examining Peer Discrimination and Harassment of Chinese American Immigrant Youth "Using an ecological framework, the authors explore the reasons for peer discrimination and harassment reported by many Chinese American youth. They draw on longitudinal data collected on 120 first- and second-generation Chinese American students from two studies conducted in Boston and New York. Our analyses suggested that reasons for these experiences of harassment lay with the beliefs about academic ability, the students' immigrant status and language barriers, within-group conflicts, and their physical appearance that made them different from other ethnic minority or majority students. Implications and future research are also discussed."
The Model Minority Image "In a lot of ways, Asian Americans have done remarkably well in achieving "the American dream" of getting a good education, working at a good job, and earning a good living. So much so that the image many have of Asian Americans is that we are the "model minority" -- a bright, shining example of hard work and patience whose example other minority groups should follow. However, the practical reality is slightly more complicated than that."

Not in Vogue: Portrayals of Asian Americans in Magazine Advertising "A content analysis of magazine advertisements indicates that advertising portrayals of Asian Americans reflect commonly held stereotypes. In particular, Asian models (1) appear more frequently in advertisements for technology-based products than for products not based on technology, (2) appear far more frequently in the popular business press and popular science/mechanics publications than in women's or general interest magazines, (3) appear regularly in business settings, but are seldom shown in other settings, and (4) are depicted frequently as coworkers of other models in the ad but are seldom seen in family or social settings. Drawing on expectancy theory, the authors discuss potential negative impacts of these stereotypes being reinforced through advertising."
The Social Construction of Identity in Criminal Cases: Cinema Verité and the Pedagogy of Verité and the Pedagogy of Vincent Chin "This article will discuss the use of the film, Who Killed Vincent Chin?, as a method: (1) to analyze the relationship of social constructions of identity, particularly race, on the rules and discretionary application of criminal jurisprudence; (2) to provide an interactive pedagogical tool for law teachers, especially criminal law teachers,to examine the social contexts of criminal jurisprudence from multiple perspectives; and (3) to examine the ability of criminal law doctrine to address issues of race."

Suggested search terms for locating more resources at the Library.:

"Asian Americans” AND stereotyp*

The asterisk (truncation) sign * retrieves any word with the prefix "stereotyp", which includes stereotype, stereotyped, stereotypes, and stereotyping

You can also be more specific, especially when searching for historical resources, by using search terms such as:

"Chinese Americans" AND stereotyp*

"Japanese Americans" AND stereotyp*

Other related terms to use:

"model minority"

Gender Bias/Stereotyping of Asian Americans

When Women are the Enemy: The Intersection of Misogyny and White Supremacy Work cited: “When Women Are the Enemy: The Intersection of Misogyny and White Supremacy.” Anti-Defamation League, https://www.adl.org/resources/reports/when-women-are-the-enemy-the-intersection-of-misogyny-and-white-supremacy. Accessed 6 Apr. 2021.
Tales of Racism and Sexism, From 3 Leading Asian-American Women Work cited: Gupta, Alisha Haridasani. “Tales of Racism and Sexism, From 3 Leading Asian-American Women.” The New York Times, 19 Mar. 2021. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/us/racism-sexism-asian-american-women.html.
A Sociologist's View On The Hyper-Sexualization Of Asian Women In American Society NPR's Ailsa Chang speaks with Biola University professor of sociology Nancy Wang Yuen about the hyper-sexualization of Asian women and the intersection of racism and sexism
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A sociologist's view on The Hyper-Sexualization of Asian women In American society. (2021, March 19). Retrieved April 07, 2021, from https://www.npr.org/2021/03/19/979340013/a-sociologists-view-on-the-hyper-sexualization-of-asian-women-in-american-societ
Racism and Sexism Shadow Many Interactions for Asian-American Women "...It had to be one motive or the other, not both. That suggestion was met with incredulity by many Asian-American women, for whom racism and sexism have always been inextricably..."

White Sexual Imperialism: a Theory Of Asian Feminist Jurisprudence "This Article studies the intersection of race and gender, examining it through the lens of Western imperialism. Even though both critical race and feminist scholarship have addressed this intersection, few if any offer a precise theory for understanding the imperialized experience. This Article seeks to fill that void. The social inequality minority women face, in particular those of Asian descent, can be best articulated by a theory this Article calls white sexual imperialism."
Chinese american women in U.S. history: Explaining representations of exotic others, passive objects, and active subjects Abstract "The first sighting that Americans likely had of a Chinese woman was in 1780 as a "curiosity" in New York City, where Afong Moy was elaborately staged as "the Chinese Lady" at the American Museum, owned by showman Phineas T. Barnum. Dressed in silk Qing Dynasty robes and dainty, pointed slippers, she was seated in a chair against an "orientalist" set decorated with carvings, lanterns, and tea accessories. During the 1830s and 1840s, Moy appeared on a variety of stages speaking in Chinese and eating with chopsticks. As "Ah" or "A" is a prefix commonly used in the Cantonese dialect to address a person, Afong is a familiar name and not the proper one given to her by her family. Hence, her true identity is unknown to us."
Unmasking ‘Sidekick’ Masculinity: A Qualitative Investigation of How Asian-American Males View Emasculating Stereotypes in U.S. Media "This paper sought to explore how Asian-American males perceive stereotypical media portrayals of themselves in relation to their identity and masculinity and conversely, how they construct identity and masculinity in relation to emasculating media representations. Through semi-structured interviews, this research explored the inner worlds and life narratives of 23 Asian-American men. Using thematic analysis, I found that Asian-American men by and large negatively view and reject media’s emasculating images of themselves and find resistance in choosing to assert their masculinity and identity in other ways. Nonetheless, as identity is not produced in a vacuum, but is socially recognized, AsianAmerican men suffer from being ascribed unwanted identities out of their control. "

Suggested search terms for locating more resources at the Library.:

"Asian American" AND "women OR men” AND "stereotyp* OR bias"

The asterisk (truncation) sign * retrieves any word with the prefix "stereotyp", which includes stereotype, stereotyped, stereotypes, and stereotyping

You can also be more specific, especially when searching for historical resources, by using search terms such as:

"Chinese American" "women OR men” AND "stereotyp* OR bias"

"Japanese American" "women OR men” AND "stereotyp* OR bias"

Other related terms to use:

fetishization

By and About Asian American Students

Andrew Yang was wrong. Showing our 'American-ness' is not how Asian Americans stop racism Xu is a senior at Columbia University and an advocate on Asian American issues. She hosted a TEDx talk, "I Am Not Your Asian Stereotype."
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Xu, Canwen. "Andrew Yang was wrong. Showing our 'American-ness' is not how Asian Americans stop racism." Washington Post, 3 Apr. 2020. Gale OneFile: News, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A619366427/STND?u=plan_skyline&sid=STND&xid=a2520b1a. Accessed 9 Apr. 2021.
As schools reopen, Asian American students are missing from classrooms As school buildings start to reopen, Asian and Asian American families are choosing to keep their children learning from home at disproportionately high rates. They say they are worried about elderly parents in cramped, multigenerational households, distrustful of promised safety measures and afraid their children will face racist harassment at school. On the flip side, some are pleased with online learning and see no reason to risk the health of their family.
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Balingit, Moriah, et al. "As schools reopen, Asian American students are missing from classrooms." Washington Post, 4 Mar. 2021. Gale OneFile: News, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A653791937/STND?u=plan_skyline&sid=STND&xid=2f91c3a4. Accessed 9 Apr. 2021.
Asian student leaders speak out for community, elderly In the wake of a rise in anti-Asian hate crimes, UC Davis students find ways to give back to the community and raise awareness.
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Atizado, Liana Mae, and Kathleen Quinn. "Asian student leaders speak out for community, elderly." UWIRE Text, 12 Mar. 2021, p. 1. Gale OneFile: News, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A654723227/STND?u=plan_skyline&sid=STND&xid=9b3f1b7b. Accessed 9 Apr. 2021.
Foes of affirmative action leveraging anti-Asian violence Amid increased public attention on anti-Asian hate incidents, some Republicans and conservative-leaning advocacy groups are seeking to leverage the debate to bolster their long-standing efforts to overturn affirmative action policies at elite universities and high schools.
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Nakamura, David. "Foes of affirmative action leveraging anti-Asian violence." Washington Post, 7 Apr. 2021, p. NA. Gale OneFile: News, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A657656628/STND?u=plan_skyline&sid=STND&xid=38e58002. Accessed 9 Apr. 2021.
From Yellow Peril to Yellow Fever: The Representation of Asians from Anna May Wong to Lucy Liu By Krystle Doromal Published in Off Screen May 2007
How UC Berkeley can show up for our Asian American students Speaking up and showing up for all of our students -- Asian American, Black, Indigenous, Latinx, Pacific Islander, white -- is how professors practice our community of caring. It's how we, their mirrors, give them the tools they need to further powerful, profound, transformative healing in themselves and of our world.
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"How UC Berkeley can show up for our Asian American students." UWIRE Text, 26 Feb. 2021, p. 1. Gale OneFile: News, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A653407877/STND?u=plan_skyline&sid=STND&xid=c1663386. Accessed 9 Apr. 2021.

Scholarly Studies

Acculturation, Enculturation, Perceived Racism, and Psychological Symptoms Among Asian American College Students This study examined the potential moderating influences of behavioral and values acculturation and enculturation in a sample of 113 Asian Americans. Findings from regression analyses revealed that acculturation to European American cultural values, alone and in interaction with perceived racism, was related to less psychological symptoms, whereas enculturation to Asian American values alone was associated with more psychological symptoms. Findings, which partially supported the authors' hypotheses, are discussed in light of the cultural adaptation literature.
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Alamilla, Saul G., et al. “Acculturation, Enculturation, Perceived Racism, and Psychological Symptoms Among Asian American College Students.” Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, vol. 45, no. 1, Jan. 2017, pp. 37–65. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/jmcd.12062.
The Marginalization and Stereotyping of Asians in American Film Asians in Hollywood films and the industry have been subjected to unfair stereotyping and under-representation since the twentieth century and up to the present. This thesis analyzes and dissects this marginalization and stereotyping of Asians in American films through text and film analysis and critical theory. Historically, if Asians are not portrayed in a stereotypical role, then they are given no role at all, rendered invisible by Hollywood and mass audiences. Their marginalization in the film industry has damaging effects on the perception of Asians in society. This study will explain what stereotypes have endured over the course of history, their origin and reasoning, and how films continue to portray them. Research will not only cover Asian stereotypes as a whole, but also gender stereotypes attributed to Asian men and women because of their race. This study will also dissect the societal consequences that arise from detrimental portrayals of Asians in Hollywood, including the negative impact of the “model minority” stereotype often attributed to Asian Americans and the effects on Asians in the entertainment industry. By relating portrayals of Asian stereotypes in film to societal effects, this study emphasizes how fictitious portrayals can have damaging effects once taken outside the realm of film.
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Paner, Isabel, "The Marginalization and Stereotyping of Asians in American Film" (2018). Honors Theses. 36.
https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2018.HONORS.ST.08
Portrayals of Chinese Women’s Images in Hollywood Mainstream Films — An Analysis of Four Representative Films of Different Periods Abstract: How do Western films speak to issues of gender, difference, history, and cross-cultural relationships? Have messages about gender and race in Hollywood films about Chinese women changed over time? How does historical social reality find its way into the messages conveyed by Hollywood films? This paper intends to address these questions through analysis of women’s portrayals in four representative Hollywood films spanning from 1930s to early 2000s. The four films include Daughter of Dragon (1931), The World of Suzie Wong (1960), Year of the Dragon (1985), and Tomorrow Never Dies (1997), starring renowned Chinese American actresses of three different generations in Hollywood. By tracking various elements – Oriental dresses, geographies, ideologies, stereotypes across these various generations of films, this paper reveals that Hollywood’s portrayal of Eastern women has not changed significantly over time. The paper also explores how historical changes in gender, race, and interracial relationships in American society, find their way into these films by examining the expression of Oriental “otherness” and anxiety about cross-racial relationships.
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Hanying Wang, "Portrayals of Chinese Women’s Images in Hollywood
Mainstream Films — An Analysis of Four Representative Films of Different Periods," Intercultural Communication Studies XII: 3 (2012), pp. 82-92. Accessed Apr. 5, 2021: https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/07Wang.pdf

After “The China Virus” Went Viral: Racially Charged Coronavirus Coverage and Trends in Bias Against Asian Americans Abstract "On March 8, 2020, there was a 650% increase in Twitter retweets using the term “Chinese virus” and related terms. On March 9, there was an 800% increase in the use of these terms in conservative news media articles. Using data from non-Asian respondents of the Project Implicit “Asian Implicit Association Test” from 2007–2020 (n = 339,063), we sought to ascertain if this change in media tone increased bias against Asian Americans. Local polynomial regression and interrupted time-series analyses revealed that Implicit Americanness Bias—or the subconscious belief that European American individuals are more “American” than Asian American individuals—declined steadily from 2007 through early 2020 but reversed trend and began to increase on March 8, following the increase in stigmatizing language in conservative media outlets. The trend reversal in bias was more pronounced among conservative individuals. This research provides evidence that the use of stigmatizing language increased subconscious beliefs that Asian Americans are “perpetual foreigners.” Given research that perpetual foreigner bias can beget discriminatory behavior and that experiencing discrimination is associated with adverse mental and physical health outcomes, this research sounds an alarm about the effects of stigmatizing media on the health and welfare of Asian Americans."

Example of Bias Journal Articles

CHINESE MASSACRE AT LOS ANGELES IN 1871 -- published by the Historical Society of Southern California, and stores in the scholarly database: JSTOR
Analysis by Skyline College History Professor, James Wong:
"I felt before and I feel now that the author endeavored to present a somewhat sympathetic view about the massacre. The writer divulges a degree of condescension from a white person in 1894, blaming the Chinese themselves for the massacre. He stated this in the second sentence of the article, "The trouble originated among the Chinese themselves."

The author throughout the entire article bewails the outbreak of violence. But he enumerates the ways in which the Chinese brought the violence upon themselves.

Additionally, using contemporary standards, the author would be criticized for his usage of two words not acceptable today, notably "Chinamen" and "Nigger Alley." Those terms were in common usage in 1871 and in 1894, "Nigger" then was still a horrible pejorative. The term of "Chinamen" has since taken on more and more negative connotations.

Its condescension and thus its bias are subtle. Racial bias and prejudice are not always offensively blatant, but can be very subtle. We only have to look at how prejudice against Asians today can be subtle with microaggression and the perpetuating the "model minority" myth."

Anti-Asian/Asian American Racism: A Resource Guide: Articles